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Uru was the Sumerian term for a city or city state, written with the cuneiform ideogram URU �� .
In Akkadian and Hittite orthography, URU became a determinative sign denoting a city, or combined with KUR "land" the kingdom or territory controlled by a city, e.g. ������������ LUGAL KUR URUHa-at-ti "the king of the country of (the city of) Hatti".
The largest cities in the Bronze Age Ancient Near East housed several tens of thousands. Memphis in the Early Bronze Age with some 30,000 inhabitants was the largest city of the time by far. Ur in the Middle Bronze Age is estimated to have had some 65,000 inhabitants; Babylon in the Late Bronze Age similarly had a population of some 50–60,000, while Niniveh had some 20–30,000, reaching 100,000 only in the Iron Age (ca. 700 BC).
[edit] Mesopotamia
- Further information: Mesopotamia
[edit] Lower Mesopotamia
- Further information: Geography of Sumer
(ordered from north to south)
- Eshnunna (Tell Asmar) 33°32′00″N 44°58′00″E / 33.533333, 44.966667 (Eshnunna (Tell Asmar))
- Der (Tell Aqar at al-Badra) 33°06′41″N 45°56′53″E / 33.11136, 45.948007 (Der (al-Badrah))
- Sippar (Tell Abu Habbah) 33°03′32″N 44°15′08″E / 33.058829, 44.252153 (Sippar (Zimbir, Tell Abu Habbah))
- Kutha (Tell Ibrahim) 32°44′00″N 44°40′00″E / 32.733333, 44.666667 (Kutha (Gudua, Tell Ibrahim))
- Jemdet Nasr 32°43′01″N 44°46′44″E / 32.717, 44.779
- Kish (Tell Uheimir & Ingharra) 32°33′N 44°39′E / 32.55, 44.65 (Kish (Tell Uheimir, Ingharra))
- Bab Ilu (Babylon) 32°32′13″N 44°25′20″E / 32.536943, 44.422224 (Bab Ilu (Babylon))
- Borsippa (Birs Nimrud) 32°23′31″N 44°20′30″E / 32.391997, 44.341688 (Borsippa (Birs Nimrud))
- Dilbat (Tell ed-Duleim) 32°09′11″N 44°32′28″E / 32.153178, 44.54121 (Dilbat (Tell ed-Duleim))
- Nippur (Afak) 32°07′37″N 45°13′51″E / 32.126939, 45.230785 (Nippur (Nibru, Afak))
- Marad (Tell Wannat es-Sadum) 32°04′00″N 44°47′00″E / 32.066667, 44.783333 (Marad (Marda, Tell Wannat es-Sadum))
- Adab (Tell Bismaya) 31°57′00″N 45°58′00″E / 31.95, 45.966667 (Adab (Tell Bismaya))
- Isin (Ishan al-Bahriyat) 31°53′06″N 45°16′09″E / 31.884878, 45.269257 (Isin (Ishan al-Bahriyat))
- Kisurra (Tell Abu Hatab) 31°50′19″N 45°28′48″E / 31.838605, 45.480119 (Kisurra (Tell Abu Hatab))
- Shuruppak (Tell Fara) 31°46′39″N 45°30′35″E / 31.777363, 45.509761 (Shuruppak (Shurrupag, Tell Fara))
- Bad-tibira (probably Tell al-Madain) 31°46′30″N 45°59′48″E / 31.775053, 45.996636 (Bad-Tibira (Tell al-Madain))
- Zabala (Tell Ibzeikh) 31°44′11″N 45°52′17″E / 31.736389, 45.871389 (Zabala (Tell Ibzeikh))
- Umma (Tell Jokha) 31°37′35″N 45°52′26″E / 31.626371, 45.874024 (Umma (Tell Jokha))
- Ngirsu (Tello or Telloh) 31°37′00″N 46°09′00″E / 31.616667, 46.15 (Ngirsu (G̃irsu, Tello, Telloh))
- Lagash (Tell al-Hiba) 31°23′23″N 46°34′44″E / 31.389676, 46.578775 (Lagash (Tell al-Hiba))
- Uruk (Warka) 31°19′27″N 45°38′17″E / 31.324078, 45.638101 (Uruk (Unug, Warka))
- Larsa (Tell as-Senkereh) 31°17′02″N 45°51′11″E / 31.283975, 45.853047 (Larsa (Larag, Tell as-Senkereh))
- Ur (Tell al-Muqayyar) 30°57′44″N 46°06′15″E / 30.962295, 46.104265 (Ur (Urim, Tell al-Muqayyar))
- Kuara (Tell al-Lahm) 30°50′00″N 46°20′00″E / 30.833333, 46.333333 (Kuara (Kisiga, Tell el-Lahm))
- Eridu (Tell Abu Shahrain) 30°48′57″N 45°59′46″E / 30.815838, 45.99607 (Eridu (Eridug, Tell Abu Shahrain))
- Nabada (Tell Beydar) coordinates unknown
- Hamazi location unknown
- Akshak location unknown
- Akkad location unknown
[edit] Upper Mesopotamia
(ordered from north to south)
- Mount Nemrut (Nemrut Dagi) 38°02′10″N 38°45′46″E / 38.036129, 38.762672 (Mount Nemrut (Nemrut Dagi))
- Urfa 37°10′17″N 38°48′02″E / 37.171343, 38.800512 (Urfa)
- Shanidar cave 37°05′00″N 43°52′00″E / 37.083333, 43.866667 (Shanidar cave) imprecise coordinates
- Urkesh (Tell Mozan) 37°03′26″N 40°59′50″E / 37.057185, 40.997248 (Urkesh (Tell Mozan))
- Shekhna (Tell Leilan) 36°57′26″N 41°30′19″E / 36.957296, 41.505297 (Shekhna (Tell Leilan))
- Tell Arbid 36°52′23″N 41°01′19″E / 36.87306, 41.02198 (Tell Arbid) imprecise coordinates
- Haran 36°51′46″N 39°01′49″E / 36.862738, 39.030193 (Haran)
- Chagar Bazar 36°85′N 40°9′E / 37.417, 40.15 (Chagar Bazar)
- Washukanni (Tell el Fakhariya) 36°50′28″N 40°04′13″E / 36.841164, 40.070247 (Washukanni (Tell el Fakhariya))
- Carchemish (Djerabis) 36°49′44″N 38°00′58″E / 36.828919, 38.016139 (Carchemish (Djerabis))
- Nemrik 36°46′00″N 42°47′00″E / 36.766667, 42.783333 (Nemrik) imprecise coordinates
- Tell al-Hawa 36°43′00″N 42°27′00″E / 36.716667, 42.45 (Tell al-Hawa) imprecise coordinates
- Yarim Tepe 36°42′00″N 42°25′00″E / 36.7, 42.416667 (Yarim Tepe) imprecise coordinates
- Nagar (Tell Brak) 36°40′03″N 41°03′31″E / 36.667392, 41.058654 (Nagar (Tell Brak))
- Telul eth-Thalathat 36°34′00″N 42°32′00″E / 36.566667, 42.533333 (Telul eth-Thalathat) imprecise coordinates
- Tepe Gawra 36°31′00″N 43°14′00″E / 36.516667, 43.233333 (Tepe Gawra) imprecise coordinates
- Tell Arpachiyah (Tepe Reshwa) 36°29′00″N 42°57′00″E / 36.483333, 42.95 (Arpachiyah) imprecise coordinates
- Shibaniba (Tell Billa) 36°26′00″N 43°19′00″E / 36.433333, 43.316667 (Shibaniba (Tell Billa)) imprecise coordinates
- Tarbisu (Sherif Khan) 36°23′00″N 43°07′00″E / 36.383333, 43.116667 (Tarbisu (Sherif Khan)) imprecise coordinates
- Ninua (Niniveh) 36°21′35″N 43°09′08″E / 36.359839, 43.152216 (Ninua (Niniveh))
- Qatara or Karana (Tell al-Rimah) 36°15′26″N 42°26′58″E / 36.257087, 42.449336 (Qatara (Zamahe, Karana, Tell Rimah))
- Tell Hamoukar 36°48′47″N 41°57′24″E / 36.813019, 41.956546 (Tell Hamoukar)
- Dur Sharrukin (Khorsabad) 36°30′34″N 43°13′46″E / 36.509537, 43.229315 (Dur Sharrukin (Khorsabad))
- Arbil (Qalinj Agha) 36°11′29″N 44°00′33″E / 36.191308, 44.009142 (Arbil (Qalinj Agha))
- Tell Taya 36°11′00″N 42°43′00″E / 36.183333, 42.716667 (Tell Taya) imprecise coordinates
- Tell Hassuna 36°10′00″N 43°06′00″E / 36.166667, 43.1 (Tell Hassuna) imprecise coordinates
- Imgur-Enlil (Balawat) 36°09′00″N 43°30′00″E / 36.15, 43.5 (Imgur-Enlil (Balawat)) imprecise coordinates
- Nimrud (Kalhu) 36°05′53″N 43°19′44″E / 36.098132, 43.328756 (Nimrud (Kalhu))
- Emar (Tell Meskene) 35°59′13″N 38°06′39″E / 35.986895, 38.110791 (Emar (Tell Meskene))
- Dur Katlimmu 35°50′49″N 40°59′42″E / 35.846899, 40.99494 (Dur Katlimmu) imprecise coordinates
- Palegawra cave 35°39′00″N 45°07′00″E / 35.65, 45.116667 (Palegawra cave) imprecise coordinates
- Qal'at Jarmo 35°34′00″N 44°55′00″E / 35.566667, 44.916667 (Qal'at Jarmo) imprecise coordinates
- Arrapha (Kirkuk) 35°28′11″N 44°23′39″E / 35.469706, 44.394147 (Arrapha (Kirkuk))
- Ashur (Qalat Sherqat) 35°27′23″N 43°15′45″E / 35.456517, 43.262489 (Ashur (Assur))
- Nuzi (Gasur, Yorghan Tepe) 35°18′09″N 44°14′51″E / 35.302495, 44.247624 (Nuzi (Gasur, Yorghan Tepe))
- Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta (Tulul el-Aqar) 35°32′00″N 43°29′00″E / 35.533333, 43.483333 (Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta (Tulul el-Aqar)) imprecise coordinates
- Gerd-i Resh 35°20′00″N 45°22′00″E / 35.333333, 45.366667 (Gerd-i Resh) imprecise coordinates
- Tell al-Fakhar 35°11′00″N 44°09′00″E / 35.183333, 44.15 (Tell al-Fakhar) imprecise coordinates
- Terqa (Tell Ashara) 34°54′12″N 40°31′50″E / 34.9032, 40.530445 (Terqa (Tell Ashara)) imprecise coordinates
- Doura Europos 34°44′52″N 40°43′51″E / 34.747856, 40.730874 (Doura Europos)
- Mari (Tell Hariri) 34°32′59″N 40°53′21″E / 34.549629, 40.889258 (Mari (Tell Hariri))
- Haradum (Khirbet ed-Diniyeh) 34°26′00″N 41°36′00″E / 34.433333, 41.6 (Haradum (Khirbet ed-Diniyeh)) imprecise coordinates
- Tell es Sawwan 34°17′00″N 41°58′00″E / 34.283333, 41.966667 (Tell as Sawwan) imprecise coordinates
- Nerebtum or Kiti (Tell Ishchali) 33°43′00″N 44°39′00″E / 33.716667, 44.65 (Nerebtum (Tell Ishchali)) imprecise coordinates
- Tutub (Khafajah) 33°38′00″N 44°40′00″E / 33.633333, 44.666667 (Tutub (Khafajah)) imprecise coordinates
- Tell Agrab 33°34′00″N 44°46′00″E / 33.566667, 44.766667 (Tell Agrab) imprecise coordinates
- Dur-Kurigalzu (Aqar Quf) 33°21′13″N 44°12′08″E / 33.353611, 44.202222 (Dur-Kurigalzu (Aqar Quf))
- Shaduppum (Tell Harmal) 33°18′35″N 44°27′59″E / 33.309828, 44.466505 (Shaduppum (Tell Harmal))
- Seleucia 33°08′01″N 44°31′03″E / 33.133651, 44.517482 (Seleucia)
- Sippar-Amnanum (Tell ed-Der) 33°06′00″N 44°17′55″E / 33.100012, 44.298549 (Sippar-Amnanum (Tell ed-Der))
- Ctesiphon (Taq Kisra) 33°05′38″N 44°34′48″E / 33.093787, 44.580067 (Ctesiphon (Taq Kisra))
- Tell Uqair 32°44′00″N 44°43′00″E / 32.733333, 44.716667 (Tell Uqair) imprecise coordinates
- Tell es-Sweyhat coordinates unknown
[edit] Zagros and Elam
(ordered from north to south)
Qusheh Dagh (Mountain of Cush) 38°20′36″N 47°10′41″E / 38.343435, 47.177966 (Qusheh Dagh (Mountain of Cush))
Cudi Dagh (Mount Judi) 37°22′28″N 42°28′16″E / 37.374505, 42.471119 (Cudi Dagh (Mount Judi))
- Hasanlu Tepe 36°56′22″N 45°35′22″E / 36.939565, 45.589322 (Hasanlu Tepe)
- Zend-i Suleiman 36°36′50″N 47°12′10″E / 36.613945, 47.20279 (Zend-i Suleiman)
- Takht-i-Suleiman 36°36′11″N 47°14′09″E / 36.603171, 47.235949 (Takht-i-Suleiman)
- Ecbatana (Hamadan) 34°48′08″N 48°31′06″E / 34.802189, 48.518357 (Ecbatana (Hamadan))
- Behistun 34°23′03″N 47°24′17″E / 34.384238, 47.404813 (Behistun)
- Godin Tepe 34°31′N 48°04′E / 34.517, 48.067 (Godin Tepe)
- Sialk 33°58′08″N 51°24′17″E / 33.968915, 51.404738 (Sialk)
- Susa 32°11′21″N 48°15′28″E / 32.18922, 48.257785 (Susa)
- Kabnak (Haft Tepe) 32°02′N 48°14′E / 32.033, 48.233 (Kabnak (Haft Tepe))
- Dur Untash (Chogha Zanbil) 32°00′31″N 48°31′16″E / 32.008718, 48.521181 (Dur Untash (Chogha Zanbil))
- Shahr-i-Sokhte 30°35′15″N 61°19′19″E / 30.587387, 61.321864 (Shahr-i-Sokhte)
- Pasargadai 30°12′06″N 53°10′44″E / 30.201747, 53.179009 (Pasargadai)
- Naqsh-e Rustam 30°02′14″N 52°51′33″E / 30.037255, 52.85907 (Naqsh-e Rustam)
- Parsa (Persepolis) 29°56′04″N 52°53′27″E / 29.934487, 52.890966 (Parsa (Persepolis))
- Tall-i Bakun 29°54′49″N 52°53′13″E / 29.913493, 52.887058 (Tall-i Bakun)
- Anshan (Tall-i Malyan or Tepe Malyan) 29°54′N 52°24′E / 29.9, 52.4 (Anshan)
- Palace of Cyrus near Charkhab Borazjan 29°15′27″N 51°11′20″E / 29.25752, 51.188815 (Palace of Cyrus near Charkhab Borazjan) imprecise coordinates
- Firuzabad 28°51′09″N 52°31′59″E / 28.852465, 52.532998 (Firuzabad)
- Konar Sandal 28°41′20″N 57°42′43″E / 28.688985, 57.712002 (Konar Sandal)
- Tepe Yahya 28°34′59″N 56°21′00″E / 28.583, 56.35 (=Tepe Yahya)
[edit] Anatolia
(ordered from north to south)
- Nicaea 40°25′43″N 29°43′10″E / 40.428714, 29.719384 (Nicaea)
- Sapinuwa 40°16′22″N 35°15′06″E / 40.272889, 35.251804 (Sapinuwa) imprecise coordinates
- Yazilikaya 40°01′31″N 34°37′57″E / 40.025204, 34.632612 (Yazilikaya)
- Hattusa 40°00′53″N 34°37′00″E / 40.014722, 34.61663 (Hattusa)
- Ilios (Wilusa, Ilion, Troas, Troy) 39°57′26″N 26°14′19″E / 39.957275, 26.238647 (Ilios (Wilusa, Ilion, Troas, Troy))
- Karum Kanesh (Nesa, Kültepe) 38°51′02″N 35°38′05″E / 38.850506, 35.634667 (Karum Kanesh (Nesa, Kültepe))
- Milid (Arslantepe, Malatya) 38°20′37″N 38°18′23″E / 38.343666, 38.306426 (Milid (Arslantepe, Malatya))
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