Close back rounded vowel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Vowels
v • d • e
See also: IPA, Consonants
  Front Near- front Central Near- back Back
Close
i · y
ɨ · ʉ
ɯ · u
ɪ · ʏ
e · ø
ɘ · ɵ
ɤ · o
ɛ · œ
ɜ · ɞ
ʌ · ɔ
a · ɶ
ɑ · ɒ
  Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right
represents a rounded vowel.
IPA – number 308
IPA – text u
IPA – image {{{imagesize}}}
Entity u
X-SAMPA u
Kirshenbaum u
Sound sample (help·info)

The close back rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is u, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is u.

In most languages this vowel is exolabial (with pursed lips). However, in a few cases it is endolabial (compressed).

Contents

[edit] Features

  • Its vowel height is close, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its roundedness is exolabial, which means that the lips are pursed and protrude, with the inner surfaces exposed.

[edit] Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Standard جنوب [ʒɑnuːb] 'south' See Arabic phonology
Catalan[1] suc [suk] 'juice' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Cantonese 菇/gu1 [guː] 'mushroom' See Standard Cantonese
Mandarin 哭/kū [ku˥] 'to cry' See Standard Mandarin
Croatian u [u] 'in'
Dutch voet [vuːt] 'foot' See Dutch phonology
English GA boot [bu̟ːˀt] 'boot' Typically more front than cardinal [u]. See English phonology
RP[2]
Faroese ur [uːr] '(wrist-)watch'
Finnish kukka [ˈkukːɑ] 'flower' See Finnish phonology
French[3] où [u]  (help·info) 'where' See French phonology
Georgian[4] გუდა [gudɑ] 'leather bag'
German Fuß [fuːs] 'foot' See German phonology
Greek ουρανός [ˌuraˈno̞s̠] 'sky' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew תמונה [tmuna] 'image' Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Hebrew phonology
Hungarian unalmas [unɒlmɒʃ] 'boring' See Hungarian phonology
Irish gasúr [ˈgasˠuːɾˠ] 'boy' See Irish phonology
Italian[5] tutta [ˈtutta] 'all' (fem.) See Italian phonology
Norwegian mot [muːt] 'courage' See Norwegian phonology
Polish[6] buk [buk] (help·info) 'beech tree' Also represented by <ó>. See Polish phonology
Portuguese European[7] urso [ˈuɾsu] 'bear' See Portuguese phonology
Brazilian[8] [ˈuɾsʊ]
Romanian unu [ˈunu] 'one' See Romanian phonology
Russian[9] узкий [ˈuskʲɪj] 'narrow' See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic gu [gu] 'to'
Serbian жут /žut [ʒut] 'yellow'
Slovak u [u] 'at'
Spanish[10] curable [kuˈɾable] 'curable' See Spanish phonology
Turkish uçak [utʃak] 'airplane' See Turkish phonology
Vietnamese tu [tū] 'to mediate' See Vietnamese phonology

[edit] Close back compressed vowel

[edit] Features

  • Its vowel height is close, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its roundedness is endolabial, which means that the corners of the mouth are drawn slightly together and the lips are compressed horizontally, but do not protrude.

[edit] Occurrence

As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the spread-lip diacritic [  ͍ ] will be used here with the rounded vowels as an ad hoc symbol. Another possibility would be the old diacritic for labialization, [  ̫ ].

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Japanese 空気/kuuki [ku͍ːki] 'air' See Japanese phonology
Swedish oro [ù͍β̞ru͍β̞] (help·info) 'unease' Contrasts with a close central and close front compressed vowel. See Swedish phonology

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
  2. ^ Roach (2004:242)
  3. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  4. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261-262)
  5. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
  6. ^ Jassem (2003:105)
  7. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  8. ^ Barbosa (Albano:229)
  9. ^ Jones & Ward (1969:67)
  10. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:256)

[edit] Bibliography

  • Barbosa, Plínio A. & Eleonora C. Albano (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227-232
  • Carbonell, Joan F. & Joaquim Llisterri (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53-56
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90-94
  • Fougeron, Cecile & Caroline L Smith (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73-76
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103-107
  • Jones, Daniel & Ward Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
  • Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 239-245
  • Rogers, Derek & Luciana d'Arcangeli (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
  • Shosted, Ryan K. & Chikovani Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255-264
  • Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2): 37-41
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