R-colored vowel

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In phonetics, vocalic r refers to the phenomenon of a rhotic segment such as [r] or [ɹ] occurring as the syllable nucleus. This is a feature of a number of Slavic languages such as Czech, Macedonian and Serbo-Croatian, as well as some western Bulgarian dialects. It also appears in languages like English and Mandarin Chinese, where it occurs as an r-colored vowel, a vowel whose distinctive feature is a low third formant.

In rhotic accents of English such as General American, vocalic r occurs in words like butter and church. In rhotic accents of Mandarin Chinese such as accents in Beijing, Tianjin, most of Hebei province, Eastern Inner Mongolia and the three Northeastern provinces, vocalic r occurs as a diminutive endings to nouns (er), past tense indicative (le) as well as the middle syllables of compound words consist of 3 or more syllables, e.g. restaurant 'Gou Bu Li' in Tianjin.

[edit] Vocalic R in Sanskrit

The ancient Indian language Sanskrit possessed short and long versions of a vowel sound often referred to as "vocalic r".^[1] It is represented in Devanagari by ऋ (short form) and ॠ (long form), and in IAST transliteration by ṛ (short form) and ṝ (long form), and is thought to correspond to original vocalic "l" or "r" in Proto-Indo-European.^[1] The grammarian Pāṇini classified this vowel as retroflex^[2] and its pronunciation is thought to have been a retroflex approximant [ɻ] in classical Sanskrit (c. 500 BC). Earlier grammarians classified its sound in the Vedic period as velar.^[2] When Sanskrit words containing this sound are borrowed into modern Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi or Nepali its pronunciation changes to [ɾɪ] (short form) or [ɾiː] (long form),^[3] leading to forms such as "Krishna" for Kṛṣṇa and "Rigveda" for ṛgveda, a pronunciation that is also prevalent among contemporary pandits.^[4]

[edit] R-colored vowel

Spectrogram of [ə] and its rhotacized counterpart [ɚ].listen (help·info)

IPA – number	322
IPA – text	ɚ
IPA – image
Entity	ɚ
X-SAMPA	@`
Kirshenbaum	R
Sound sample (help·info)

A vowel may have either the tip or blade of the tongue turned up during at least part of the articulation of the vowel (a retroflex articulation) or with the tip of the tongue down and the back of the tongue bunched. Both articulations produce basically the same auditory effect, a lowering in frequency of the third formant. Although they are rarely attested, they occur in some non-standard varieties of Dutch and in a number of rhotic accents of English like General American. The English vowel may be analyzed phonemically as an underlying /ər/ rather than a syllabic consonant.

Considering the different word positions—initial, medial and final—it has been suggested there are at least 21 distinct allophones of /r/ in English.^[5]

[edit] English spelling

The r-colored vowels of General American are written with vowel-r digraphs. Any vowel can be used:

Stressed [ɝ]: hearse, assert, mirth, work, turkey, myrtle

Unstressed [ɚ]: standard, dinner, Lincolnshire, editor, measure, martyr

An example of an r-colored vowel written as a vowel following "r" can be found in the word iron [ˈaɪɚn].

[edit] In singing

Many vocalists who would normally speak English with r-colored vowels will replace them with their non-rhotic equivalents when singing in English.^{[citation needed]} Exceptions include many Irish singers, along with many performers of Country music.

[edit] Speech disorders

In English, pronunciation of /r/ is difficult, and is one of the most frequently misproduced sounds for a number of reasons including:

• It can be either consonantal or vocalic;
• There is no single defined way to produce the sound either by manner or place of articulation;
• It tends to be a later developing sound; and
• Correct pronunciation is not dependent upon spelling.^[6]

Vocalic /r/ evaluation and treatment is most commonly made by a speech-language pathologist.

[edit] Other examples

In Mandarin Chinese, the rhotacized ending of some words is the prime way by which to distinguish speakers of Beijing dialect from those of other forms of Mandarin. Mandarin speakers call this phenomenon Erhua. In many words, -r suffix is added to indicate some meaning changes. In simplified written Chinese, the change is indicated with the suffix 儿 (If the word ends in a nasal, the final consonant is lost and the vowel becomes nasalized if what is lost is a nasal velar).

In the 1930s the Dravidian language Badaga had two degrees of rhoticity among all five of its vowels, but few speakers maintain the distinction today, and then only in one or two vowels. An example is non-rhotic [be] mouth, slightly rhotacized ("half retroflexed") [be˞] bangle, and fully rhotacized ("fully retroflexed") [be˞˞] crop.

In Czech the vocalic r is present in many common words and together with l as a nucleus forms the phonetically famous sentence Strč prst skrz krk! (Czech for "Stick a finger through your throat!"), seemingly without vowels.

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• Aungst, L.F. & Frick, J.V. (1964) Auditory discrimination ability and consistency of articulation of /r/. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 29, 76-85.
• Curtis, J.F.& Hardy, J.C. (1959) A phonetic study of misarticulation of /r/. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 2 (3), 244-257.
• Ristuccia, Christine. (2002) 'Phonologic strategy for /r/ remediation.' Advance for Speech Language Pathologists and Audiologists, 39, 21.
• Ristuccia, C.L. , Gilbert, D.W. & Ristuccia, J.E. (2005). The Entire World of R Book of Elicitation Techniques. Tybee Island, GA: 'Say It Right'. ISBN 0-9760490-7-4. 

[edit] See also

• List of phonetics topics
• Linking R
• Rhotic consonant
• Syllabic consonant