Voiceless pharyngeal fricative

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IPA – number	144
IPA – text	ħ
IPA – image
Entity	ħ
X-SAMPA	`X\`
Kirshenbaum	`H`
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiceless pharyngeal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is h-bar (ħ), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is X\.

1 Features
2 Occurrence
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography

[edit] Features

Features of the voiceless pharyngeal fricative:

Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulation is pharyngeal which means it is articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx
Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
Because it is pronounced in the throat, without a component in the mouth, the central/lateral dichotomy does not apply.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Occurrence

This sound is the most commonly cited realization of the Semitic letter hēth, which occurs in most dialects of Arabic, Classical Syriac, as well as Biblical and Tiberian Hebrew. It has also been reconstructed as appearing in Ancient Egyptian, a related Afro-Asiastic language. Modern non-Oriental Hebrew has merged the voiceless pharyngeal fricative with the voiceless velar (or uvular) fricative. However, phonetic studies have shown that the so-called voiceless pharyngeal fricatives of Semitic languages are often neither pharyngeal (but rather epiglottal) nor fricatives (but rather approximants).^[1]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		ҳара	[ħaˈra]	'we'
Agul		??	[muħ]	'barn'
Arabic	Standard^[2]	واحد	[wɑːˈħid]	'one'	See Arabic phonology
Avar		xIебецI	[ħeˈbetsʼ]	'earwax'
Chechen		xъач/ẋaç	[ħatʃ]	'plum'
Galician^[3]		g(h)ato	[ˈħato]	'cat'
Hebrew		חַשְׁמַל	[ħaʃmaːl]	'electricity'	Sephardic pronunciation, see Hebrew phonology
Kabardian		щхьэ	[ɕħæ]	'head'
Kabyle		aḥeffaf	[aħəffaf]	'hairdresser'
Kurdish		hol	[ħol]	'environment'	dialectal; [h] in most Kurdish dialects
Maltese	Standard	wieħed	[wiħːed]	'one'	See Maltese phonology
Sioux	Nakota	[haħdanahã]		'yesterday'
Somali		xood	[ħoːd]	'cane'

[edit] See also

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

Ladefoged, Peter & Ian Maddieson (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
Regueira, Xose (1996), "Galician", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 26 (2): 119-122
Watson, Janet (2002), written at New York, The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford University Press

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This table contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible.